Traffic and Urban Congestion 1955

Traffic and Urban Congestion: 1955-1970 Essay In 1960, Great Britain despite everything had no urban expressways. In any case, with the responsibility for vehicles getting perpetually normal, the issue of clog in British urban areas was unavoidable. Researching the conceivable outcomes of expressways as alleviators of large city automobile overloads, the legislature supported Buchanan Report was cynical: the investigation shows the entirely impressive expected develop of traffic as vehicular proprietorship and utilization increment to the most extreme. The convenience of the maximum capacity is very likely past any pragmatic chance of being figured it out. There is consequently no getting away from the need to consider how much and by what implies the maximum capacity is to be curtailed.1. We will compose a custom article on Traffic and Urban Congestion: 1955-1970 explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now In the decades going before this examination, Americans confronted a lot of a similar issue with transportation in their urban communities. Be that as it may, the American arrangement for managing urban blockage in the vehicle age was totally different. In 1954, President Eisenhower proposed that metropolitan zone blockage be unraveled by a stupendous arrangement for an appropriately verbalized thruway framework. In 1956, the House Committee on Public Works encouraged extreme advances, cautioning that in any case roads turned parking lots will before long deteriorate our developing economy.2. Standing up to the equivalent problemurban traffic congestionthe British and the American governments reacted with profoundly various arrangements. In Britain, blockage in urban communities was comprehended to mean an abundance of cars entering urban areas. The issue, to British organizers, was to decrease relative dependence on the private vehicle so as to permit better development of traffic. However, in the U.S., organizers deciphered blockage as a sign that streets were insufficient and needing improvement. Even with roads turned parking lots, the British would in general say, an excessive number of vehicles! while the Americans would state, inadequate roads!U.S. urban transportation strategy was formed by this propensity, from its beginnings during the 1940s until the mid 1960s. This paper makes a twin contention. Initially, the manner by which U.S. urban transportation strategy was planned during the 1940s and 1950s blocked the British arrangement. Notwithstanding the overall b enefits of the British and American methodologies, debilitating the utilization of the car was impossible American approach producers could consider. The American political culture could consider huge scope household extends just with the participation of the private segment, and in the U.S. this implied to a great extent car intrigue gatherings. The subsequent point is that American urban transportation strategy withdrew from this situation during the 1960s. By the 1970s U.S. strategy was substantially more like Great Britains. In 1975, official Department of Transportation strategy perceived the car as a significant supporter of . . . clog, and it asked State and neighborhood networks to reexamine a portion of the interstate arranging previously done as such as to decide whether a specific expressway despite everything offers the best transportation alternative.3. However, American urban communities had just been relying upon a turnpike based transportation framework by the mid 19 60s, and the settled car pattern was irreversable. The volume of engine vehicle traffic in U.S. urban communities in 1970 was more than over multiple times what it had been in 1950, while the quantity of travelers carried on urban rail frameworks had fallen by 66%. City transport ridership was somewhere near half over a similar period. The foundation of the road as the foremost transportation framework in American citiesand of the private car as the essential modewas a practiced actuality by the late 1960s.4. The strategy changes started in the mid 1960s came past the point where it is possible to change the overwhelmingly vehicle based urban transportation framework. One can preclude the criticalness from claiming the change on the grounds of its lateness. Yet, a significant inquiry stays unanswered: for what reason did government transportation strategy switch itself and inclination a reexamining of arranged expressway ventures? How did organizers get from the insuf-ficient streets understanding of blockage to the such a large number of vehicles perspective?This article recommends a few clarifications. To some degree, the inadequate streets see, when executed, involved its own death. Advertisers of urban parkways recognized that extreme advances were important to permit generally free development of vehicles in urban areas. These means, to be sufficiently uncommon to work, additionally must be sufficiently exceptional to make discussion and resistance where little or none had existed pr eviously. On the off chance that, as New Yorks extraordinary street developer, Robert Moses, proposed, organizers would need to hack their way with a meat hatchet to construct expressways in urban areas, at that point they could anticipate that parkway adversaries should turn out to be similarly solid in their opposition.5. After a lot of hacking, nearby resistance, lawful limitations, and court choices dulled the axs edge. .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .postImageUrl , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:hover , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:visited , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:active { border:0!important; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:active , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:hover { darkness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80b cb28c4a7 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Islamic Architecture Analysis EssaySecond, the decentralized association of the U.S. political framework permitted numerous purposes of access to strategy making discussions for bunches restricting explicit interstate tasks, bunches contradicting the expressway based urban transportation strategy, and gatherings advancing different types of urban travel. As right on time as 1959, San Franciscos regional government, under tension from its residents, prohibited road extends inside its city limits. All through the 1960s and into the 1970s, different urban communities followed San Franciscos lead, battling ventures that were politically threa tening.6. There is little record of state-level restriction to ventures, however this is justifiable taking into account the significant level of state authority over interstate arranging. At the government level, from which most urban roadway cash came, different plans, (for example, help to mass travel, thruway beautification, and expanded migration help to occupants dislodged by parkway ventures) just as out and out resistance to expressways with respect to various noticeable congressmen and representatives, served to debilitate the first interstates just administrative urban transportation strategy of the 1950s. Likewise essential to the change was the expanding protection of government transportation policymaking during the 1960s from the intrigue bunches which had for all intents and purposes controlled it during the 1950s. At the point when Eisenhower and Congress collaborated to make a very much subsidized government urban transportation strategy, they asked private street building interests to work out the subtleties. Eisenhowers hesitance to extend the government organization required such a move. There was no government organization concerned explicitly with urban transportation. The administrations interstate agencythe Bureau of Public Roadshistorically worried about country streets, leaving urban courses to civil governments. The BPR was underfunded thus it also turned to the counsel of industry. Interstate enterprises in this way had a case to mastery that no administration office could dispute.7. Through the span of the 1960s this circumstance changed extensively. With the finish of official branch hesitance to grow the administration, the government started to make its own instruments of transportation policymaking, free of industry. In 1966, the as of late made government transportation organizations were united in the new Department of Transportation. With its overseers capable to the president and with its own in-house mastery, the Department was protected from the impact of interstate industry. The destruction of the expressways just approach stemmed likewise from genuine defects in the arrangement itself. From the finish of World War Two, the government started a huge intercession in urban transportation, one which had increment

Starbucks Target Market

?Starbucks Target Market Starbucks Target advertise is nine-to-five laborers inurban focuses and encompassing rural areas, however as a rule any age, and any individual as well. Their costumers recognizing a reasonable Value proposition, on the grounds that is best imparted essentially whenâ some individual had settled on the choice to drop into a retail location, stay for a spell, and afterward share with colleagues the following day the experience had there. Howard Schultz said in his vision of Starbucks that â€Å"you get more than the best espresso when you visit†¦ you get extraordinary individuals, top notch music, an agreeable and peppy gathering spot, and sound counsel on blending phenomenal espresso at home. In situating itself as a novel substance in a land with nothing comparative, a Starbucks store was elevated to be â€Å"a place where you can kick back and act naturally. † The organization vision incorporated that â€Å"at home you're a piece of a familyâ € ¦ at work you're a piece of a company†¦ and some place in between†¦ † there is a Starbucks! So the Starbucks item, while instilled in its espresso, is actually the general understanding. The cost of a real prepared mug of espresso was predictable with the picture of being â€Å"a indent above† or a â€Å"worthwhile experience†Ã¢â‚¬higher than most contenders. What's more, where Starbucks offered its item was essentially its retail outlets. To encounter Starbucks completely, one must go to a real Starbucks area. In this regard, the area of a Starbucks comparative with client comfort was significant, and Starbucks built up a â€Å"real bequest opportunistic† disposition to address thisâ€that is it didn't really hang tight for the perfect structure or parcel to open up, Starbucks was adaptable as far as retail space format and configuration to fit the area accommodation of its objective market

Screenless Saturdays

Screenless Saturdays The rhythm of life is not unlike a heartbeat. When everything is running smoothly, a balanced existence oscillates from productive to phlegmatic. These days, however, with our tweets and likes and mentions and comments and posts and and and its difficult to find a healthy tempo. Dont relax. Reply. React. Repost. Retweet. Repeat. Our steady sine wave has collapsed into a fallow flatline. Go, go, go. Never stop never stopping. But what if we need to stop? A heartbeat is a heartbeat precisely because it stops before it beats again. A meaningful life is no different. So, The Minimalists are experimenting with intermittent stopping. Were calling it Screenless Saturdays, and youre welcome to join us. You might call it a techno sabbatical, a digital detox, or a social-media diet, or you might simply think of it as a break, a breather, a repose from the frenzied world around you. Whatever you call it, there are at least three ways to experiment with Screenless Saturdays: Social-Media Fast. Avoid all social media all day Saturday. Digital Downtime. Avoid your computer screens, too. Truly Screenless. Avoid all glowing screens. Yes, even your phone. Which choice would provide the ideal respite? Thats the path worth walking. Whichever path you choose, take three minutes before you go to bed on Saturday to jot down the ways in which you enjoyed the day differently without the pall of the digital world dulling your neurons. How did you spend your day? How was it different? How did you feel? Tell us about your experience on Twitter. Just dont ping us on a Saturdayâ€"we wont be around to see it. Infographic: Screenless Saturdays Click to Pin Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

It has been said that pre-numerical counting systems...

It has been said that pre-numerical counting systems pre-dated the written language. Business accounting is rooted in the organization of monetary claims throughout the history of the Western civilization, developing even before the ancient accountants could note the mathematical entries. Beginning in Mesopotamia around 3500 B.C, and developing throughout the 14th century in Europe, accounting has become one of the largest advancements in the Western world. This long standing form of collaborating financial data has evolutionalized the way we approach business in the 21st century. While todays accountants are involved in the analysis of financial data and the auditing of cash flow through a corporation, this hasnt always held true. The†¦show more content†¦Often, for precaution, the trade was again written in the outercrust of the tablet so that no other alterations could be made. Ancient Europe held an accounting system similar to that of the Mesopotamian community. Here th ey used a form of papyrus, a paper material made from the stem of a water plant, instead of the clay tablets that were much less plentiful in this area. â€Å"Accountants† in this part of the western world were typically associated with a specific store or trade business, and were evaluated extensively by an internal verification system within the corporation for which they were accredited in order to implement a more detailed accounting transaction built upon honesty and credibility of those calculating. While Egyptians made thousands of trades regarding gold and silver, they referred to each as an exchange of goods rather than ascribing value to the item. This made the calculating and recording different commodities in different credit terms very difficult. According to public records, ancient Greece used accountants for personal monetary organization and to maintain authority of governmental finances. Its systematic process equipped with leaders was evident in the Athens P opular Assembly, who ratified all decrees regarding financial matters in the state. This assembly met every ten days to discuss events regarding Athenian code and allowed citizens to attend and vote on commissioned decisions made in government. Perhaps Greeces mostShow MoreRelatedPepsi Prospectus112807 Words   |  452 Pagesinformation (including the preliminary and final Prospectus) and does not constitute an offer of Offer Shares for sale in the United States or to, or for the account or benefit of, U.S. persons. 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Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permissionRead MoreAccounting Information System Chapter 1137115 Words   |  549 PagesCHAPTER 1 ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1.1 The value of information is the difference between the benefits realized from using that information and the costs of producing it. Would you, or any organization, ever produce information if its expected costs exceeded its benefits? If so, provide some examples. If not, why not? Most organizations produce information only if its value exceeds its cost. However, there are two situationsRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pageswileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced student user Ask your local representative for details! 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Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanicalRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMcKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. 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Sociology vs. Cultural Anthropology Essay - 939 Words

The research methods in sociology and anthropology are similar yet follow a specific set of guidelines for each. Each field approaches research in a similar fashion but the methodology and intentions can differ. The differences reflect the distinct differences that are present in sociology and anthropology. The way that an anthropologist approaches a problem and attempts to solve it is different than a sociologist because of the discerning basis of their knowledge. Some of the research methods require a researcher to be up close and personal with subjects while in other methods the subject don’t even realize they are being observed. From these research methods, sociologists and anthropologists draw conclusions from their observations.†¦show more content†¦These are the hardest to replicate and have the least bit of control over almost everything. Social surveys are conducted by asking a number of respondents identical questions through a systematic questionnaire or interview (Tischler, 2007). Surveys allow the researcher to study things that are not directly observable, such as beliefs and attitudes. This allows for the generalized description of a population that would otherwise be too large to observe directly. The data that is collected can be compared and quantified amongst different classifications. One of the drawbacks is that the respondents may not be wholly truthful. There are different styles of surveys in sociology, such as telephone surveys and self- administered questionnaires. Both of these methods offer anonymity yet the response rates can be low. Philosophically, sociologists rely on experiments because they are directly observable, offer quick results and can be in a controlled environment, for the most part. 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Accusations Without Proof Free Essays

Accusations Without Proof In Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible, he tells the story of Salem, Massachusetts during the witch trials. He does this to draw a comparison between the red scare of the 1950s and the false accusations of the girls and the community in Salem in 1692. In his play the little girls who are about twelve to eighteen, they were dancing naked in the forest with a black caldron with Tituba. We will write a custom essay sample on Accusations Without Proof or any similar topic only for you Order Now Paris is the one who finds them and ow all the girls have to lie and say Tituba is in touch with the devil, act like they see evil spirits, and say that people were witches even thou they were not. In the end a lot of people die over silly things that could not even be proven. Some of the things they would do for punishment was, they would hold them underwater for ten minutes and if they came back up dead they were not witches, if they were alive they were. It was a lose lose method and not the best way to solve things. Most cases they came up dead. Another thing they would do is Just hang hem and not give them a chance to explain themselves. When they would take them into court and testify that they were not in touch with the devil the girls would act like they see things, and start to get scared. One girl went as far as faking a coma for several hours. The people that died did not deserve to over something silly like little girls trying to get out of trouble. This was much like the Red Scare because, everyone was paranoid thinking communism was taking over. People were questioned to see if they were communist, ust like in The Crucible. It Just goes to show how fast rumors can spread. Arthur Miller wrote about The Crucible because he wanted to show how close it was to the Red Scare, and that people would be questioned without proof. The point of this book is to demonstrate how hysteria and rumors can cause people a lot of problems, which in this case caused several people to die. In the Red Scare people thought Russians were spreading communism. In The Crucible people thought witchcraft was spreading through Salem. The girls went as far as letting eople close to them die Just to save themselves from getting in trouble. When Proctor and another member of Salem start an argument over whose land they are on, rumors start to spread that the girls are doing this to get their neighbors land. Elizabeth is the one who convinces John into admitting that he has seen the devil. John agrees to do it. The officers of the court rejoice in finding out something about the trials. But John refuses to give up anymore names in which he saw with the devil. The officers of the court want John to make his confession public but he grows ith anger and tears up the document he was suppose to sign. John and three others were hung at the very end of the book. All of the Salem witch trials could have been avoided if the group of girls would nave Just contessed to dancing naked in the torest. They could nave saved several lives from being ended and unnecessary punishments. People had to sit in Jail for years and would have killed themselves instead of going crazy in Jail. In the end they still got in trouble but if they would have confessed right away they would have robably Just got in minor trouble instead of ending up having a bunch of innocent people. The court didn’t handle the situation in the right manor either. They put people in Jail that they had no proof against. They could have thought of better ways to decide if they were witches or not instead of having them killed. In conclusion all of the Salem Witch Trials could have been avoided and lives could have been saved if the self-centered girls would have Just confessed right away. â€Å"Mr. Hale, you surely do not doubt my Justice. † -Danforth How to cite Accusations Without Proof, Papers

Book Report On Thomas Jefferson (1066 words) Essay Example For Students

Book Report On Thomas Jefferson (1066 words) Essay Book Report On Thomas JeffersonBook Review on Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson by Norman Risjord is a biography of the third president of the United States that takes Thomas Jefferson from his youth through his later years in the early 19th century. The purpose of this book is to give a political and social overview of the Thomas Jeffersons life and career. It was written for both the student of American history and the casual reader interested in the genesis of the United States government, seen through the eyes of one of its founding fathers. The value of this book is that it shows that Jefferson was not a saint, yet he was one of the most intelligent presidents that the country has ever had. Risjord has given the book great value because he has framed Jefferson among his peers. Consequently, the book truly comes to life, and the reader is able to learn about Jefferson as well as his contemporaries James Madison, John Marshall, and John Adams. The scope of the book is all-inclusive. Risjord begins with Jeffersons birth on April 13, 1743 on his fathers plantation, Shadwell, in Goochland County on the western edge. The narrative continues on to show Jefferson graduating from William and Mary College, then entering politics in Virginians House of Burgesses in 1769. Jefferson married Martha Skelton on New Years Day, 1772. With the Virginia legislature from 1776 to 1779, Jefferson formed the groundwork for abolition of entail and primogeniture, for the establishment of religious freedom, and not for the public school system. Jefferson was of course the author of the Declaration of Independence, and because he had set this document in motion, he waited out the Revolutionary War to see if the colonies would win. If they had lost, Jefferson would have been hanged for treason against the King of England. He served as the minister to France from 1785 to 1789. At this time there was growing opposition to Alexander Hamilton and his policies, and Jefferson associated himself with a group called the Republicans, who were actually forerunners to the present Democratic Party. While Jefferson was serving as vice President from 1797 to 1801, he drafted the Kentucky Resolutions. He was elected President following a long deadlock with Aaron Burr in the House of Representatives. This happened mainly because Alexander Hamilton considered Burr the more dangerous man and he gave his support to Jefferson. Jeffersons election was a great victory for the democratic forces, but it was black Tuesday to the thousands of Federalists who believed that the Republican leader was an atheistic anarchist who feared that his administration would be that of a bloodyhanded revolutionist. Jefferson was the first President to be inaugurated in Washington, a city that he had helped to plan. He became famous for the republican simplicity that he established there. During his first administration he achieved the Louisiana Purchase and oversaw the Lewis and Clark Expedition. During his second administration, Jefferson tried to enforce such measures as the Embargo Act of 1807, even though this brought a great deal of opposition. Once he retired from public life, Jefferson moved back to his beloved Monticello. It was at this time that he founded the University of Virginia and continued his activities as a scientist, architect, and philosopher-statesman. In his later years, Jefferson wrote about his view of the future, when he saw that the people would be enlightened by free education. Under a forward thinking democratic-republican institution, the people could govern themselves better than under any other system. .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3 , .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3 .postImageUrl , .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3 , .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3:hover , .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3:visited , .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3:active { border:0!important; } .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3:active , .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3 .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf5ef8f5279fdb1b48104aed26815b9e3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reconstruction period EssayHis friend James Madison evoked these words when Jefferson died on the Forth of July in 1826. He lives and will live in the memory and gratitude of the wise and of the good, as luminary of Science, as a votary of liberty, as a model of patriotism, and as a benefactor of human kind. The style is controversial and the book offers insights into Jeffersons psychology as well as historical data. Risjord does well by his chapter headings, as they divide Jeffersons life into Vice President and President etc. And so they provide easy access. The bibliography is excellent, allowing for follow up on several of the texts to do more reading on, for example, the Louisiana Purchase. The illustrations are adequate: there might have been more of them, concentrating on Jeffersons political associates (Hamilton, Burr, and et al.). The author is relatively objective. Biographies of Jefferson since this 1994 edition have concentrated more on the darker side of Jeffersons life, such as the affair he had with his slave, but Risjord keeps primarily to the main facts of the third presidents life. If Risjord has a bias, it is that the earlier leaders of the U.S. showed more moral character than those today. This, however, is hard to see as a direct bias, as many of those who helped form the country in 1776 clearly had a great deal of character. In terms of his general intelligibility, Risjord is very readable. Risjord accuracy with the facts that he presents seems quite good. As has been mentioned, he doesnt deal with some of the more controversial aspects of Jeffersons life. In terms of my criticism, the book seems to be very valid. In referring to several other accounts of Jeffersons life, it appears that Risjord got all of the main facts correct. He did a commendable job of explaining Jeffersons election, with the Congressional dynamic between Hamilton and Burr. Risjord has accomplished what he set out to do, which was to present Jefferson as a person that readers could relate to as a politician, husband, father, as well as a man of higher learning. The author has made a contribution to the field of American history. This book is worth reading because it frames Thomas Jefferson within the context of his times. To explore this book is to experience the growth of America from a group of colonies to the United States and then on to the expanding nation that developed through the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Author Risjord has a great empathy for Jefferson, and this admiration shows through on every page. One comes away from this biography wondering where leaders of Jeffersons caliber are in todays political arena. If nothing else, Americans can take solace that this country was founded by, among others, Thomas Jefferson. Book Reports

Catcher In The Rye By Salinger Essays - Literary Realism

Catcher In The Rye By Salinger In JD Salingers' Catcher in the Rye, a troubled teenager named Holden Caufield struggles with the fact that everyone has to grow up. The book gets its title from Holden's constant concern with the loss of innocence. He did not want children to grow up because he felt that adults are corrupt. This is seen when Holden tries to erase naughty words from the walls of an elementary school where his younger sister Phoebe attended. "While I was sitting down, I saw something that drove me crazy. Somebody'd written 'Fuck you' on the wall. It drove me damn near crazy. I thought how Phoebe and all the other little kids would see it, and how they'd wonder what the hell it meant, and then finally some dirty kid would tell them- all cockeyed, naturally- what it meant, and how they'd all think about it and maybe even worry about it for a couple of days. I kept wanting to kill whoever'd written it. I figured it was some perverty bum that'd sneaked in the school late at night to take a leak or something and then wrote it on the wall. I kept picturing myself catching him at it, and how I'd smash his head on the stone steps till hew as good and goddam dead and bloody." (201) His deep concern with impeccability caused him to create stereotypes of a hooligan that would try to corrupt the children of an elementary school. Holden believed that children were innocent because they viewed the world and society without any bias. When Phoebe asked him to name something that he would like to be when he grew up, the only thing he would have liked to be was a "catcher in the rye." He invented an illusion for himself of a strange fantasy. He stated that he would like to follow a poem by Robert Burns: "If a body catch a body comin' through the rye." He kept "picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobody's around- nobody big, I mean- except me. And I'm standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff- I mean if they're running and they don't look where they're going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That|s all I'd do all day. I'd just be the catcher in the rye and all. I know it's crazy, but that's the only thing I'd really like to be." (173) Holden wants to stop children from "falling" into losing their innocence and becoming an adult, and he takes pleasure in the attempted thwarting of maturation. In the beginning of Catcher in the Rye, his initial character is one of a child. Throughout the book, he takes steps and the forces of change take a toll on his childish ways. In the end, he seems to be changed into a man. Holden is definitely extremely immature in the beginning of the book. He characterizes almost every person he meets as a "phony". He feels that he is surrounded by hypocrites in a school filled with fakery. Principal Thurmer, the principal of Holden's high school, Pencey, was the leader of the whole charade. During a teacher/parent day, Principal Thurmer would only say hello to the wealthy parents of students. He would not associate himself with those that were not financially stable, because he was a phony. Holden also maintains a lack of responsibility throughout the whole book. He was the equipment manager of the fencing team at Pencey, but he lost the equipment on the subway. He also failed out of two schools for lack of effort and absences from classes. Holden also had a daydream about two children who never grew up, whore main in a perfect world forever. This daydream is a result of his younger brother Allie's death. Allie represents the unchangeable youth of which Holden must let go if he ever expects to maintain sanity. Holden has a fixation on childhood, which shows itself in many forms. His glorification of children, inordinate admiration of Phoebe, idealization of his dead younger brother, and the joy he gets from reminiscing about his own childhood all contribute to his obsession with innocence and youth. Throughout the middle of the book, forces of change unfold on Holden. While waiting for an old friend of his, he

Inflation Rates essays

Inflation Rates essays The price of one currency in terms of another is called the exchange rate. The exchange rate affects the economy in our daily lives because it affects the price of domestically produced goods sold abroad and the cost of foreign goods bought domestically. Mexicans use pesos, French use francs, Austrians use schillings, and this use of different monies by different countries results in the need to exchange one money for another to facilitate trade between countries(Husted 315). Without the exchange rate it would make it impossible to purchase goods in other countries that have a different currency. Day-to-day movements in exchange rates are closely related to peoples expectations. The role of monetary policy would be to manage the exchange rate. A monetary expansion would tend to lower interest rates, thus lead to short-term funds flowing into foreign currencies, and so depreciate the domestic currency(Corden 21). Throughout the history of the economy, the exchange rate has not always been controlled under the same monetary system. Foreign exchange is usually traded as bank accounts denominated in different currencies. Most of the trade takes place between the major banks and between banks and their corporate customers. Modern communications make it a truly global market. The rates vary by minute. Exchange rates changes are largely unexpected and so there is an important element of risk in multinational transactions that domestic transactions lack(Husted 320). The closing rates in each financial center are reported regularly in the media. The closing rates of the previous day are listed in the morning newspaper for leisurely reading. There are two ma in types of foreign exchange systems: 1) fixed exchange rate, and 2) floating exchange rate. A fixed exchange rate system is where governments can set a certain fixed rate at which their currencies will exchange for each other and then ...

Industrial level of BMW and Toyota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Industrial level of BMW and Toyota - Essay Example This in turn makes the suppliers produce even better components and with greater efficiency. Toyota has something known as jidoka that requires even the machine to work autonomously whenever they detect a faulty part (Frick 2011). Disallowing such a part to do ensures the production of quality products. After the production completion, the vehicles are given to the distributors in case of marketing them locally. Otherwise, the shipping process occurs via the use of containers for international market. Marketing by Toyota is done through advertisements and promotions. In terms of after-sale services, the company managed to outperform its closest competitors through customer satisfaction. The company does a follow-up to ensure that the individual is satisfied for at least a given time after the purchase. For value addition, the BMW group works with over 12,000 suppliers in 70 countries that need to fulfill the standards set by the group in production of high-end components. Like Toyota, BMW works with the suppliers to leverage potential (Coe 2004). For the international market, the finished vehicles are shipped from the assembly lines with containers. Those that are sold in the local market of the assembly lines are transported to the respective showrooms using trucks. Marketing and sales by BMW include encouraging consumers to purchase the vehicles. The company employs advertising, promotion, pricing, marketing, sales, and so on. After-sale service is also offered by BMW. It involves user support, training, repair services, spare part management, installation, upgrades and so on. The company handles complaints well and this has been successful in attracting return customers. Frick, Jan. Advances in Production Management Systems Value Networks: Innovation, Technologies, and Management, IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference, APMS 2011, Stavanger, Norway, September 26-28, 2011, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin: Springer,

Adam Smith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Adam Smith - Essay Example Advantages of division of labor can be seen in large organizations that have various branches and finally the branches incorporate into one bigger organization. Each branch has its own set of activities that it works on and has perfected. For instance, in a manufacturing organization there could be branches such as finance, production, sales, and marketing among others. Combination of all these branches makes one large organization and bringing together activities from the various branches gives better performance than if these tasks were to be conducted by one body. In his example about pin making, Smith argues that division of labor yields better results that non specialization (Smith, 2007, p. 3). This implies that division of labor is certainly an important aspect in increasing production levels in an organization. Actually, division of labor yields multiples than what would have been produced without division of labor. Combinations of the results presented from division of labor are seemingly unachievable if each person carried out the entire process alone. Borrowing from Smith’s example of pin making, it is evident that sometimes production of one person may not even yield one complete production of a pin per day. The efficiency and change brought about by division of labor is amazing. Increasing number of branches within an organization raises the chances of more production. This implies that breaking down a large organization into various stand-alone branches adds efficiency and consequently increased production. Evidently, countries that have adopted division of labor are more productive. Each person in the society has specific tasks and upon bringing the various different tasks together, the total production of the country is great. For instance, areas with huge chunks of land are used specifically for farming and the people around those areas only dwell in

The need for an offshore business plan

The need for an offshore business plan Nowadays the term offshore business is getting more and more business attentions. This term covers a wide range of information technology and other business related services offered by companies in developing countries to the companies in developed countries . The off shoring business is mainly started as a business to do cheap software development, and then it is expended to other areas which can be called ITES, IT enabled services like call centres and support centres . The term Business Process outsourcing (BPO) refers to the transfer of a companies business which are not the core process but the which are critical to the functioning to an external vendor in other country .These external vendors uses IT based delivery. By doing such kind of offshoring , the firms are able to focus on the their core areas ,making cost benefits and the non core areas will be handled by experts . This will help the parent firms shareholder value to increase because it is all about the performance in the market . (Roy,Sharma and Bhushan,2006) During the last one decade India has been developing as the most attractive location for offshore businesses . Companies and Global corporate from all over the world have already moved to Indian to take the advantages of the benefits of this country provides. The number of fortune 500 companies who has already set up their captive offshore business centre in India is not small . Thus India is emerging as the largest offshore hub in the world. The Information technology (IT) Outsourcing and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) market in India has been showing an unbelievable growth. According to the estimates of NASSCOM, the National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM), Indian offshore business (bothe IT and BP0) market is worth around seventeen billion USD, which is nearly forty four percent of the total global off shoring market (about USD 40 billion). (Tutorial reports, 2009) This report proceeds as follows .The first part will give the SWOT analysis of Indian offshore industry .The second chapter will explain about the benefits of off shoring to India .The third part will give an idea about various challenges that has to be faces in Indian offshore business. The final part will explain about the implication of development to the Indian companies . SWOT analysis In this section , a SWOT analysis of Indian offshore business sector is given .The tables below is very brief .Most of the things mentioned in this SWOT table will be covered in the coming sections. Strengths Rich and wide talent pool. English speaking graduates and Engineering graduates. Attrition rate is low compared to developed countries. Technological competency is high Benefits due to geographical location and time difference. Economical benefits .Reduced labour and infrastructure cost . Weaknesses The infrastructure is feeble. Diversity in culture . Legal issues Data protection and privacy issues Opportunities Availabily of manpower . High quality of information technology The market potential is high Growing economy . Educated young generation Threats Anti outsourcing bill in US Competition from other countries like china, Ireland, Philippians and eastern European countries. The billing rates are growing high Off shoring to India -Benefits Cost Benefits : One of the basic reason for doing offshore business in India is the direct saving of the cost. This cost benefits are calculated as a difference from the wages in India and wages in western countries for doing the same kind of skilled jobs. Even though the difference is decreasing due to the rise of wage in IT professionals in India, there will be significant cost benefits gained from outsourcing to India. The corporations around the world are not only outsourcing India for the end process tasks but also for the Knowledge Process outsourcing.( Robinson and Kalakota (2004) . The clinical trial outsourcing is an example .The clinical trials that can be done in India would give a cost saving of 40-50% compared to that being done in America. It also gives cost benefit in terms of capital benefits .The global corporate need not invest money on infrastructure and recruitment in the country where it is operating .The capital investments may be much cheaper in India. According to World Outso urcing Summit conducted in 2004, cost benefits are cited as the primary motive towards offshoring business services to India (Corbett, 2004). In the airline industry, Delta Air Lines offshore-outsourced some of its worldwide reservation services to India-based Wipro Spectramind. This third-party vendor manages Deltas reservations from its Mumbai call center; a move that Delta expects will save $26 million in 2003 alone . Robinson and Kalakota (2004) Access to the pool of Talent Offshore business is one way of accessing the talent from overseas for certain occupations. India has got a very big pool of people with rich talent .India has got several technology enabled centres (Green,2007).These centres has got the ability to attract the highly talented people .The speed of the recruitment and availability of the talent is much higher when compared to the western countries and US. This why India still remains in the no.1 position in offshore business centres. Another advantage is the availability of English speaking people with high-IQ. ( Kripalani, M., Engardio, P ,2003). Speedy and reduced cost Recruitment In US and western counties, the speed of the recruitment is comparatively less .It can take weeks or months to hire a person and fill the gap especially for a technically skilled position. Due to the large pool of candidates with high talent in Indian , the recruitment process is much faster than that of US .The cost of recruitment in US is much much higher than the cost of recruitment in India. This gives an advantage in offshore operations in India. (Green,2007). Fast Turn around time The time difference between US and India is 12 hours .This will allow the Indian part of the company to do processing at night time US .This difference in the zonal time gives a 24 hours work environment in the companies which does offshore business. So the processing tasks will be done without the backlogs. This gives a big benfits to the companies who wishes to operate 24 hrs and do some offshore business in India. The IT teams who work both in client site and Indian offshore locations has got very big advantage .The team who are in US work with the client during the day time in US and hands over the work to Indian team before they go to bed. The other part of the team who are in india will take over the work and do the work during the day time in India .This will significantly reduce the turnaround time .(Chithlen,2004) One of the main motive behind Nortal networks, an IT firm from Canada to start offshore business is in India was the benefit of turnaround time. They took the advantage of the time difference between Canada and India. Other Benefits:- Since it is not possible to explain all the benfits in details , some of the benefits are listed here . India has got people with information technology skills that are recognized by US companies . Indian government offers some tax exemption to the IT companies . Indian work practices, mainly in IT companies ly comply with the standards of ISO and SEI CMM s. More than eighty percentage of SEI-CMM 5 companies worldwide are located in India. The quality standards are approved by the leading companies from developed nations .The number of countries to which India exports software is 95.. The political factors are favouring the IT industry and it is stable The satellite and submarine connectivity is very good and which makes the broadband connectivity one of the best in the wolrd . Offshoring to India -Challenges Even though India is the no.1 attractive location for offshore business, there are many challenges that has to be faces by the firms to make a successful offshore business. In this section, the possible challenges will be explained briefly. Cultural Issues The culture in India is far different from the other countries where the offshore business jobs are coming from. The way of getting the work done and the conflict resolution methods in India are different .Even the words used in different contexts can have different meanings in Indian culture. These words may have slightly different meaning in European or Indian culture. The companies who would like to set up offshore business in India have to have a well aware of the Indian culture and they have to set their challenges and goals. According to Geert Hoftsede , Indias power distance index is very high compared to US or European countries. Higher power distance means, the inequality in the hierarchical levels is high . Indias power distance index is 77 . But the power distance of US where most of the offshore businesses are coming from is 40. The other dimensional indexes also are different. (Hoftsede, 1980). This can be illustrated by so many examples, In the call centres or other Business Process outsourced industries, the Indian teams have cultural problems in working with American colleagues. In American, the team members are expected to be taking responsibility and ownership .This is much less in Indian teams .In Indian culture is decision making is much more top-down where it tend to be less in American culture .In Indian culture the style of meeting deadlines, commitment, attitude towards the process and mindset about the different hierarchical levels are very different .These are all challenges that has to be faced while setting up offshore business in India. (Schomer, 2010) Infrastructure Challenges The infrastructure challenges are one of the big challenges of those who are keen to do offshore business in India. The firms from US and UK are keen to lease offices in Indian offshore location. The demand for the office spaces in key business locations is so high. So the companies have to book the places even before the construction is finished . Another problem is the future expansions. Companies have to look for office spaces if different location which makes the coordination difficult .For example the company HP has got 20 rented offices spaces in different parts of the Bangalore and they are running out of space .This challenges will lead the companies to get involved in developing their own campus of get involved in real estate business. (Butler,2003) Recruitment Challenges The pool of candidates in India is really huge .Nearly 260,000 engineering graduates come out of the campus every year .Finding the real best talent out of this pool is becoming a real challenge in these years. For example, the company called Infosys does the interview view for 67,000 candidates which are selected from nearly a million application .But only 260000 people are hired. So the effort and money put for these recruitment is not negligible. The companies from US/EU have to define a well structured recruitment process to find the best talent. Another additional challenge is the retention of employees. The attrition rate in India is higher that that of US/EU .As the number of vacancy is high, the candidates have got more opportunities and the other recruiter from other company will approach the candidate .So the retention policy in US or EU will not be applicable in a country like India.(Kottoli,2006). Training Challenges The work force should be trained to be more productive .This demands an organized training program. It can be seen that employees in India may have good englsih written skills, the offshore business demands more skills in verbal communication. The BPO employees should be trained in verbal communication which is more of accent training .(Brodsky and Vance,2009) In order for the employee to interact with the US/UK side of the business , the training should be tailored to include the cultural issues. The one who conducts the training should be aware of cultural issues of both parent and Indian organization. There is requirement that the hires should be trained in some technical specific tools This is to make them more productive in the real work environment. There are some training in specialized tools (eg. SIMMS, Kramer and Chronology etc.) Which are not available in India. This requires the overseas travelling of trainers of employees Challenges in team coordination In the offshore business teams working in different geographic locations. So there will be difference in the time zones. And the cultural differences will also be a problem for the team integrations. So coordination issues are one of the challenges to the offshore business. Rather that focusing on job, team will take time to do storming. Its the job of management to take care of the trust problems in the team and the communication gaps. This will help to minimize work stress among the members of team . The challenges of coordinating teams with different culture are little bit complex and cannot be easily solved with company policies. The companies may require consultants who can handle the cross-cultural issues.(Fabriek,2007)   Security in Data When selecting a technology provider organization for offshore jobs, companies should take care of the fact that they should have proper procedure for infrastructure security and comprehensive data security. There are different specific areas to be included such as compliance, communications and systems management, system development, and classification controls of assets. This can become a challenge while off shoring to India The procedures are policies are intended to cover business as usual activities such as restore and backup , assessment of information risk and change of control guidelines . Also the disaster recovery plans and business continuity policies could be well established Capgemini was selected to work with the Ministry of Defense of a major European country to implement an ERP system using SAP. However, the ministry was constrained by severe budgetary restrictions and therefore wanted to use offshore competencies and rates without compromising security. Following a stringent security audit, Capgemini India was awarded security clearance to develop and test the ministrys ERP solutions offshore (Dhodia-Capgemini,2006) Quality of service   The quality of service is another challenges .The quality can bring the real cost savings .Otherwise it may bring losses instead of savings .For example , after receiving many complaints about the service from customers ,Dell was forces to close one of its support centre . So a keep monitoring of the quality of the work and place where it is outsources is very much required for the offshore jobs. (Green, 2007) Off shoring India -Development of Indian Companies The offshore business in India has contributed significantly to the economic and market growth of India .These offshore business has caused the rise of many companies which are global players. Since year 2006, Indian offshore business providers have made at least thirteen acquisitions abroad in North American and European Markets. (Fitzgerald,2009) .A big competition is going in the top players in Indian offshore industry (Hillary,2004) . A brief explanation of the top players in Indian offshore business will give n insight into the development happened to the Indian companies. INFOSYS Infosys is started in 1981 with an initial investment of INR 1000.It has started its full scale operation in 1993 . The US investment banker  Morgan Stanley   has bought 13% of equity at the offer price of Rs. 95 per share  .. By the year 1999, the share price has gone above eight thousand Indian rupees. At the end of year 2000, the share price of this company went well above 15 thousand Indian rupees. (India Today ,1999) .As of march 2010, the revenue of Infosys is 4.8 billion US dollars and it employees more than 113 thousand people .(Garia,2010) Since it is listed in the Bombay stock exchange , the sales and earnings growth rate of Infosys was more than seventy percentage .(Forbes,200)  .During a speech , the former president of US complimented India for its achievement in technology by citing the company name Infosys .(Indian express ,2000).The number of applications it receives is more than one million which makes Infosys a very well know and branded company among the jobseekers in India . WIPRO Wipro is another giant information technology organization which is benifited from offshore business . According to th2008-2009 financial year report , Wipro is one of the largest information technology services company which employees more than 108 thousand people all over the world .(Wipro quarter results,2009)Even though , it has other business areas other than information technology , its main revenue is from offshore IT services .When IBM was asked to leave Indian information technology sector , Wipro entered into the information technology . As of march 2010, its net revenue is 6.03 billion US dollars(Wipro,2010). Acquisitions, : Over the last few years Wipro was very successful in acquiring companies . Wipros focus in the information technology sector is mainly on SOA, BPO and con ­sulting. Wipro is interested in big deals . Wipro has acquired a company called Infocrossing which makes Wipro as a very well player in infrastructure management deals. Wipro has got collaborative deals with Nokia Siemens in the area os radio acces research and development .Also it has signed contracts with Cisco to step into the networking area. Wipro is continuing to grow as a global player in the off shoring businees. Tata Consultancy Services (TCS). Tata Consultancy Services is a strong player in Indian software industry which focuses on software services and consulting .It was founded in 1968 .TCS is listed in National Stock exchange and Bombay Stock exchange .(ICMR,2004) .In 2010 , the revenue of this company reached 6.33 billion USD and it employees more than 160 thousand people . Strong Revenue Growth: It is reported that TCS has got strong 27% growth in revenues .The net income growth is at a rate of 26%. TCS does offshore business with eighteen clients billing more than 50 million USD and six clients above 100 million USD. The growth rate of TCS in Middle east ,Asia and APAC countries is incredible. TCS was able to stepped up into the Telecom and manufacturing services and it is growing. Recently , non-ADM services of TCS has contributed more than 50% of overall TCS revenues. Its BPO services also show good groeth rate which is in the order of double digit. . TCS is the first Indian IT company which employed more than 100,000 employees. These are the development of major players in the Indian offshore business .There are hundreds of companies who are benefited from the offshore business ..

Everything you Need to Know About Human papillomavirus Essay

Chances are you have at least came into contact with the human papilliomavirus and had no clue you did. Most adults have whom are sexually active have been exposed to HPV, with as many as 20 million estimated Americans to be infected with the strains that cause genital warts. The good news, most cases have no symptoms of health problems. Now for the bad news, it causes nearly all cases of cervical cancer . In many ways, you can compare HPV to genital herpes. Both are incurable and rarely have symptoms. However, both are capable of causing medical problems and are both widespread in this country. Luckily, HPV only causes cancer in a small percentage of those infected. Besides cervical cancer, which is usually all that ever gets mentioned when discussing this infection, HPV can also cause cancer of the vulva, penis, head, neck, and anus, but these are extremely rare. These viruses are called papillomavirus because they tend to cause warts, or papillomas. Which are benign tumors. Warts caused from HPV can appear in the hands, feet or on/around the genital area. The strains of HPV that cause warts on the hands and feet are rarely the same as the ones that cause genital warts. There are about two hundred different types of HPV. Only about forty strains are caused from some form of sexual contact and only a handful are associated with cervical cancer. More than ninety-five percent of HPV viruses cause no symptoms and problems. The Gardasil vaccine, a serious of three shots over a period of six months, was approved for women between the ages of thirteen and twenty-six. This vaccine was shown to prevent HPV strains sixteen and eighteen, strains causing seventy percent of cervical cancer. Gardisil does not cure or prevent all strains of HPV. Researchers don’t know if patients who show no symptoms are as contagious as the ones who are.

Having a Child does Reduce Marriage Satisfaction Essay

Children should be source of happiness to a family, but that is not necessarily the case. The addition (or even removal) of a person from a family may cause the family to require a lot of reorganization in order to maintain its normal system [LeMasters, 1957 cited in Twenge, Campbell and Foster (2003)]. The inclusion of a new person into the family is usually a kind of crisis since it has to be supported by a reorganization of the family that would strive to restore normalcy while accommodating the new person. LeMasters (1957) likened the reorganization process to a crisis since it must involve making of concrete decisions to solve problems in old patterns of the family, which become somehow insufficient with the incoming of a new parson, especially a newborn. Insufficiency in a family due to the arrival of newborn arises due to several factors, which may be directly linked to the infant or indirectly affecting the parents. Nevertheless, babies at different ages have different requirements, and thus affect family systems in different ways. Twenge, Campbell and Foster (2003) noted that parents with children under the age of five years experience persistent lack of sleep due to the infants’ need for close attention particularly at night. In addition, such parents may also experience chronic tiredness, some form of guilt that they are not offering the best care (particularly if the infant keeps on crying), and a feeling of too much confinement at home to care for the baby. At the individual level, mothers may be concerned about their appearance, both in terms of the stress involve in taking care of the baby and in the physical attributes of the body after birth. According to Foley, Kope and Sugrue (2001), first time mothers are particularly prone to this kind of stress. For the fathers, a research recorded by Gottman (1994) revealed that becoming a father was partly the cause of declines in wife’s sexual responsiveness and ultimately, dissatisfaction in marriage. Moreover, fathers usually become burdened with a role to be sole breadwinners for the family since the women (even those who are working) have to be reduced to the role of housewives as they take care of babies in their early stages of growth. In general, when a married couple gets a baby, there is a tendency that the couple may be affected in number of ways. To begin with, there may be an increase in household chores and stress (since the baby has its own requirements in addition to the routine duties) (Twenge, Campbell and Foster, 2003). This may be amplified due to lack of adequate time for discussion between the couple as much of the time is directed to the baby. Secondly, the lack of discussion would result in poor companionship of the couple. Thirdly, as the gap between the couple and the baby becomes the center of focus, the couple’s sexual life may be annihilated (Twenge, Campbell and Foster, 2003). In addition, as a married couple gets distant due to the arrival of a baby, they may seek solace in their daily activities but this is likely to confer a number of disadvantages to the family since there may be an overload in accumulated roles of each parent (partner). McCary (1975) and Morgan (1988) have shown that in case the wives are not working, the arrival of a baby exacerbates depedendecy of the wife on the man hence the man feels more superior at the expense of the demoralized wife. Hence, birth raises inequity between married partners. Finally, having a child generates negative assessments of marriage, especially among the non-traditional women who may look at giving birth and taking care of a baby as too tedious and involving a task (Twenge, Campbell and Foster, 2003). In spite of the many challenges faced by families in having children, some authors (such as Foley, Kope and Sugrue [2001]) have noted that having a child may decrease marriage satisfaction, increase it or have no effect at all. Hence, all the aforementioned effects of having a child cannot be generalized to all families since different facilities have different levels of socialization and economic standing among other factors. It is thus worth noting that having a child confers various effects on the family setting. This paper will focus on the effect of having child in marriage but will be biased towards the preposition that having a child or children does reduce satisfaction in marriage. The paper will involve a review of past works on the concept accompanied with concise discussion based on the findings. In order to come up with a deduction on the topic, conclusions will be derived from the discussion to justify if the perception indeed holds water.

Live Oak - Description, Planting and Growing